Thursday bullets: substitutions

It is a real bummer to start a receipt and discover you don't have an ingredient.   Don’t let that deter you.   Yes, I guess if you don’t have the chicken for your chicken salad, that would be a problem.  But, not having tomato paste can be rectified.  

• Baking powder:  1 tsp. 1/4 tsp soda, plus 1/2 tsp cream of tarter 
• Bread crumbs :   Crushed crackers 
• Buttermilk:   1 cup. Plain yogurt or 1 cup milk plus 1T lemon juice or vinegar.  Let stand 5 minutes.
• Cake flour :  1 cup regular flour minus 2 T .
• Unsweetened Chocolate:  1 ounce equals 3T cocoa plus 1T butter
• Sour cream:  1 cup equals 1 cup buttermilk plus 3T melted butter.
• Heavy cream:  1 cup equals 3/4 cup milk plus 1/4 cup melted butter. 
• 1T mustard equals 1 tsp dry mustard 
• Tomato paste can be substituted with ketchup 
• 1 small onion equals 1 T dryed minced onion 
• 1T fresh herbs equals 1 tsp dried.  
• Tartar sauce  -1/2 cup equals 6 T mayonaise plus 2T sweet pickle relish